Alabama Fertility Specialists

3490 Independence Dr, Birmingham, AL 35209 · (205) 874-0000

SART member · Verified lab accreditation

Ranked #148 of 361 rated clinics nationally · composite score 63.7/100 — see exactly how that was calculated

Reported live-birth rate per intended egg retrieval, by patient age — CDC NASS 2022 Final ART Summary
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Under 35: this clinic 56.5% (161 retrievals); national average 49.7% 56.5% Under 35 35–37: this clinic 40.6% (69 retrievals); national average 36.3% 40.6% 35–37 38–40: this clinic 27.1% (48 retrievals); national average 23.1% 27.1% 38–40 Over 40: this clinic 4.3% (23 retrievals); national average 7.7% 4.3% Over 40
View this chart as a table
Patient age This clinic Intended retrievals National average
Under 35 56.5% 161 49.7%
35–37 40.6% 69 36.3%
38–40 27.1% 48 23.1%
Over 40 4.3% 23 7.7%

Success rates vary with patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons across clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).

How this score was calculated

Every component, its weight, and the points it contributed. The parts add up to the composite — check our arithmetic rather than take our word.

Composite score

63.7/100

Ranked #148 of 361 rated clinics

Scores highest on reported outcomes, with no component dragging it down.

ComponentWeightThis clinicPoints added
Outcomes vs. national benchmark (age-stratified)Live births per intended egg retrieval, compared to the national rate within each CDC age band and weighted by the clinic's retrieval volume per band. Low-volume clinics are shrunk toward the national average so small samples can't top or bottom the list on noise. Scored as a percentile among rated clinics.5063.3th pctl31.6
Case-mix creditShare of cycles for patients 38 and older, relative to the national share. Clinics that treat harder patients score higher; clinics that keep rates up by selecting easier patients do not get credit for it. Scored as a percentile among rated clinics.1510.1th pctl1.5
AccreditationSART membership (50) and verified embryo-lab accreditation (50), both as reported to the CDC.2010020.0
VolumeTotal cycles per year (log-scaled percentile). Volume correlates with lab quality and process maturity, and makes reported rates statistically meaningful.1570.2th pctl10.5
Composite10063.7

Percentiles compare this clinic to the 361 rated clinics, not to a success rate: 63.3th percentile on outcomes means it ranks above 63.3% of rated clinics after age-band and volume adjustment — it is not a live-birth rate. Full methodology · scoring version 2026-08-03.1.

This clinic on Google

Not part of the score, and deliberately so. Public reviews measure a different thing than the CDC's outcome data — how care felt, reported by whoever chose to write — and they skew hard by result. Where the two disagree, that disagreement is worth seeing rather than averaging away. What the score does count. One click also fetches the clinic's own website — the federal record doesn't carry one, so Google is the only place this site can get it.

What are my chances?

A clinic's reported rates describe the patients it treated, not you. The CDC publishes an IVF Success Estimator — a validated federal model that estimates your own chances from your age, diagnosis, height and weight, and pregnancy history. It is the right tool for that question, and we would rather point you at it than pretend a ranking answers it.

Open the CDC IVF Success Estimator →

The estimator is not clinic-specific: it gives a national expectation for someone like you, which is a useful baseline to carry into a consult here.

Reported outcomes

Number of intended retrievals (<35)
161 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of intended retrievals (35-37)
69 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of intended retrievals (38-40)
48 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of intended retrievals (>40)
23 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per live-birth delivery (<35)
1.8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per live-birth delivery (35-37)
2.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per live-birth delivery (38-40)
3.7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per live-birth delivery (>40)
23 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (<35)
56.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (35-37)
40.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (38-40)
27.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (>40)
4.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (<35)
49.7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (35-37)
37.7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (38-40)
27.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of intended retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (>40)
4.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of retrievals (<35)
156 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of retrievals (35-37)
65 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of retrievals (38-40)
43 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of retrievals (>40)
19 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (<35)
58.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (35-37)
43.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (38-40)
30.2 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in live-birth deliveries (>40)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (<35)
51.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (35-37)
40 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (38-40)
30.2 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of retrievals resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (>40)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (<35)
173 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (35-37)
59 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (38-40)
34 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (>40)
9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (<35)
52.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (35-37)
47.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (38-40)
38.2 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (>40)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (<35)
46.2 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (35-37)
44.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (38-40)
38.2 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (>40)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 intended retrieval (<35)
57 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 intended retrieval (35-37)
52.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 intended retrieval (38-40)
28 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 intended retrieval (>40)
0/12 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 or 2 intended retrievals (<35)
60.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 or 2 intended retrievals (35-37)
52.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 or 2 intended retrievals (38-40)
36 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after 1 or 2 intended retrievals (>40)
0/12 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after all intended retrievals (<35)
60.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after all intended retrievals (35-37)
55.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after all intended retrievals (38-40)
36 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of new patients having live-birth deliveries after all intended retrievals (>40)
0/12 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per new patient (<35)
1.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per new patient (35-37)
1.4 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per new patient (38-40)
1.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of intended retrievals per new patient (>40)
1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of transfers per intended retrieval (<35)
1.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of transfers per intended retrieval (35-37)
1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of transfers per intended retrieval (38-40)
0.8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Average number of transfers per intended retrieval (>40)
0.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (Fresh Embryos Fresh Eggs)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (Fresh Embryos Frozen Eggs)
8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (Frozen Embryos)
32 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Number of transfers (Donated Embryos)
25 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (Fresh Embryos Fresh Eggs)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (Fresh Embryos Frozen Eggs)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (Frozen Embryos)
37.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in live-birth deliveries (Donated Embryos)
28 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (Fresh Embryos Fresh Eggs)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (Fresh Embryos Frozen Eggs)
— CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (Frozen Embryos)
34.4 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Percentage of transfers resulting in singleton live-birth deliveries (Donated Embryos)
24 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022 Success rates vary by patient age, diagnosis, and clinic patient-selection practices; comparisons between clinics may not be meaningful (CDC).
Total cycles (<35)
560 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Total cycles (35-37)
269 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Total cycles (38-40)
180 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Total cycles (>40)
121 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Total cycles (Total)
1130 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of intended egg retrieval cycles without any eggs retrieved (<35)
4.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of intended egg retrieval cycles without any eggs retrieved (35-37)
8.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of intended egg retrieval cycles without any eggs retrieved (38-40)
8.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of intended egg retrieval cycles without any eggs retrieved (>40)
12 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of intended egg retrieval cycles without any eggs retrieved (Total)
7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles discontinued after retrieval and before transfer or banking (<35)
14.4 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles discontinued after retrieval and before transfer or banking (35-37)
13.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles discontinued after retrieval and before transfer or banking (38-40)
15.7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles discontinued after retrieval and before transfer or banking (>40)
19.1 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles discontinued after retrieval and before transfer or banking (Total)
14.8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles for fertility preservation (<35)
1.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles for fertility preservation (35-37)
2.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles for fertility preservation (38-40)
3.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles for fertility preservation (>40)
5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of cycles for fertility preservation (Total)
2.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using a gestational carrier (<35)
0.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using a gestational carrier (35-37)
2.8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using a gestational carrier (38-40)
2.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using a gestational carrier (>40)
4.8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using a gestational carrier (Total)
1.7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using frozen embryos (<35)
88 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using frozen embryos (35-37)
91.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using frozen embryos (38-40)
92.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using frozen embryos (>40)
83.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers using frozen embryos (Total)
89 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (<35)
56.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (35-37)
56.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (38-40)
60 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (>40)
30.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (Total)
54.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with preimplantation genetic testing (<35)
32.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with preimplantation genetic testing (35-37)
50.3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with preimplantation genetic testing (38-40)
52.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with preimplantation genetic testing (>40)
33.9 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Percentage of transfers of at least 1 embryo with preimplantation genetic testing (Total)
39.6 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Male factor
35 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Endometriosis
20 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Tubal factor
22 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Ovulatory dysfunction
19 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Uterine factor
7 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Preimplantation genetic testing
3 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Gestational carrier
0.5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Diminished ovarian reserve
8 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Egg or embryo banking
30 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Recurrent pregnancy loss
11 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Other factor, infertility
4 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Other factor, non-infertility
37 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022
Reason for ART: Unexplained factor
5 — CDC NASS 2022, 2022